-computers

-Babbage gets more of an audience for his difference engine from the British govt which is in a war footing (Heads of British Isles > ^ff21d6) and it gets successfully constructed (with British keeping him locked out cuz he's overly perfectionist) and it gets constructed in 1826

-numbers computed and all that, proves successful in what it's made to do

-French Republic decides fuck it and in middle of same war decides to build its own difference engine

-in following decades inspires France, needing to always be on a war footing, to make its own machines, dubbed "analyseurs" for their purpose for calculating mathematical equations - polar planimeter, integraph

-in the British Isles leads someone to come up with tide-predicting machine in late 1850s, and attempts to turn it into machine to solve differential equations but fails

-later sees use in fire control machines

-Babbage tries to get people to build his Analytical Engine but fails

-France is pretty inspired and makes a much simpler version of it in 1860s, however it's huge and very slow and has physical limits on torque, speed

-however, this does result in writing of programs which work (given enough time), lots of theoretical thinking on computers

-later version made in 1870s which has more parallel mills to speed up computing

-in the 1860s and 70s, with craze over Fluidic power > Hydraulics, some Dutch engineer obsessed with French Analytical Engine attempt comes up with idea of hydraulic analyzers [fluidic computers]and decides it could be useful

-in 1865, makes hydro-mechanical analyzer run by watermill, and from there imagination goes wild

-in 1868, successfully models PDEs as hydraulic analyzer, a Hydraulic Integration Analyzer

-in 1872, someone else successfully uses his work with hydraulic analyzers to make a differential analyzer (in OTL, Lord Kelvin tried this after working on his tide-predicting machine but it didn't work cuz of hard limits to torque)

-over 1860s and 70s he's working on his analytical engine, with help from Babbage's notes

-requests Dutch government support - with differential analyzer being grand success it gives it full support

-simplifies to binary math - considers something else but too hard - and instead of Babbage's gears it uses control valves [logic gates]- modern electrical computers use them too in a very different form

-in 1877 the Dutch government finally is able to construct an Analytical Engine based on hydraulics, the first ever numeric analyzer

-this is the first version of the Grand Analyzer of The Hague, the size of a building

-stores memory through mechanical state of rods, later uses what in OTL is the coanda effect to create memory

-during French Wars > Fourth French War (1880-4), spreads because usefulness apparent

-Grand Analyzer of Paris constructed in 1883

-postwar fears of being within bombing inspires experiments with distributed analyzing

-also fire control systems on both sides

-quickly permeates and hydraulics being superior to mechanicals (lacking torque limits) means it becomes dominant in most fields

-including use in offices

-for the most part, people use analogue analyzers

-however, numeric analyzers are a thing

-don't need to be fine-tuned to accuracy within an epsilon value

-and gigantic building numeric analyzers, with parallel control valves to do things quicker, become state, big corporate, things

-with a number of numeric analyzers contacted through telegraph

-namely through connecting switches connected to inputs

-in 1890s punch cards made to work with them

-also invention of coding

-programme code with specialized [Baudot code]commands typed out from specialized typewriter into punch tape, then fed into analyzer

-called Mazur code, after French guy who prototyped it

-"Mazur" still term used for base-level human programming code

-experiments on electrical computers

-use of Biodes and terodes > Selenium biodes analyzer in 1930s

-however, super-slow and when they fail they emit large gas

-electrodynamic relay computers get made in 1930s on a smaller scale

-experiments used in war, and though they succeed, they're crazy expensive

-in the 1940s, thermexodal valve analyzer (vacuum tube computer) gets made by university as research project (delayed due to hydraulics), simpler machines get constructed but after issues owing to heavy energy needs and valves going faulty constantly, programmable analyzer gets constructed in 1948

-but never quite reaches widespread use, issues of fragility and immense cost mean it isn't able to defeat fluidics

-nevertheless various proof of concepts created, and some people ponder on possibility to replace them, and means w/ transistor not quite as revolutionary leap

-crystal valve computer in 1973

-quicker as not hard at all to translate w/ hydraulics

-but takes a bit longer to become a consumer item because businesses already have hydraulic analyzers and bigger leap from hydraulic to electric

-nevertheless way smaller, so new products all electric

-only 1970s with cheap silicon when they start replacing hydraulics

-computing theory being more advanced results in more advancement quicker

-rise of home analyzers in 2000s and from there becomes big thing

-Networking through televox lines and all that

-Grand Analyzer of The Hague

-Grand Analyzer of Paris

-Grand Analyzer of Vienna

-Grand Analyzer of London

-Grand Analyzer of Washington

-Grand Roebuck Analyzer

-run by mail-order company Roebuck

-playing on recent breakthroughs in analyzing, revealed they can operate with a distance

-opened in 1900, centered around St. Louis but groups of valves across the country

-elements connected through telegraph, connected in "on hours"

-in "off hours", each element can be operated as small computer slowly

-only abandoned in 1982 in favor of crystal valve analyzer

-Mill - CPU

-Barrel - Control unit

-Store - Memory

-Reader - Input

-Printer - Output

-Control valve - Logic gate

-Numeric - Digital

-Mazur code - Assembly language

-Thermexodal valve - Vacuum tube

-Crystal valve - Transistor

-Clog - Bug (from hydraulics having literal clogs)